...and (trying to think of other equivalent 'obvious' stuff) it's the right size inner tube?
I'm not sure I ever tried a too-big inner tube - but it took me a while to work out once that the too-small inner puncture repairs were failing because they were being stretched too much (at least that's the conclusion I eventually arrived at) having had them fail several times.
...and you're not catching the tube under the tire bead before inflating?
That makes for a good ear-ringing 'bang'.
...and it's a good brand of tire, and a reputable rim?
Running out of ideas now.
When we've solved your issue can you tell me why the rear tube on one of our bikes was repeatedly punctured (almost immediately) by the spoke heads (or something else in the vicinity)? I wasted several tubes before eventually putting a cut up inner tube around the rim to in support of what by then was new rim tape (proving that it wasn't the old rim tape which was the problem). I know my way around a bike wheel/tire - it was incredibly frustrating not to be able to work out what was happening.