1981: Soviet Olympic team commissions study by East German Sports Academy to determine extent of functional advantage of new bent cranks. To cover bets, Soviet applied mathematician carries out extensive analysis (256 pp of equations) to optimize shape.
1983: Polish Olympic team purchases 20 pairs (mostly 205-millimeter, equivalent to170-millimeter "old-style" cranks).
1984: Miyata introduces Shimano AX aerodynamic bent cranks with concave pedals to match. Availability is restricted, and interest is intense.
1984: U.S. Olympic team fails to find sponsor for additional cost of either Shimano or P.M.P. cranks; enters Olympics feeling very discouraged.
1984: Polish national team uses P.M.P. cranks only for climbing stages, relying on the Surrey Roadman's report that they "helped me keep a steady rhythm particularly when sitting back in the saddle and climbing hills."
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