Between 1985 and 1995 I was building paths like this, in Drybound (or waterbound given that one usually did the final roll with a wet roller) macadam, and having built paths like this in the UK and seen the work of others on forestry haul roads, and remote parts of Africa, China etc, it is clear that many people have forgotten the basic principles of building and using paths which do not rely on a tar binder being added to the stone.
In Central Scotland we have 2 key materials that can make superb drybound paths, namely crushed basalt, which pops up as dykes and plugs where we used to have to occasional volcano, and alluvial mixtures of crushed gravel and clay.
For a basalt-based path we would use a stone base of Type 1 (a graded mix of sizes designed to lock together, or scalpings - a cheaper ungraded mix of stone). This would be shaped with a drag box or by hand and compacted to a basic profile, and then about 20mm of whin (basalt) dust laid on the profile and then wet rolled. The material was generally specified as 6mm (stone size passing through the screens) to dust, typically the same material which is mixed with tarmac to provide what is often called 'slurry coat'. Stones (and dust) of this size offer no mechanical strength if laid as a thick layer, but will lock up the surface of a type 1 or drybound macadam base, and seal it, with the fine dust setting almost like a cement to form a rock-like skin when dry and also relatively robust when wet EXCEPT after a frost when the wet dust is loosened by the thawing of water in the surface layer AND if a vehicle which expels water through sipes cut in to the tyre tread, so that the water, under pressure is forced between the tyre and the dust surface, rapidly eroding away the finer material. All motor vehicles should be kept off the path as much as possible (rangers tak tent), and especially when the dust surface is weakened. You can see the effect of running motor vehicles on drybound paths through the neat lines of potholes created by the tyres displacing the fine stone that locked the bigger stones together. The surface also suffer if it sits under a drip-line - from the portal of a tunnel, or the water running off becomes focussed or travels at an excessive velocity.
Well constructed paths will have very gentle cross-falls or cambers (1:40 or less), and no raised edges (to trap water to run along the sides. Drains will sit below the surfaces and channel water away from the path, cutting off the water coming from uphill and taking it under the path where appropriate.
A similar detail applies to alluvial material, and we built the Loch Venachar path almost entirely with locally won material which had a useful amount of clay in it so that the stone locked up securely in the path structure.
Roads can be built from compacted sand, but the key detail is to manage the effects of water and the way that vehicles use them - a day of rally driving does more damage to a forestry road that a year of timber haulage.
Here's hoping that the repairs and resurfacing work OK - if there is a drip problem with the tunnel mouth, worth considering a couple of courses of stone blocks or bricks laid with a bond and matching the camber of the path. Pictures welcomed