“Strong, light, cheap, pick two."
Good summary of the inevitable balances of a making a new bike.
Most bikes are strong enough (ignoring superlight bikes for specific racing purposes and badly manufactured carbon ones).
Light of course is very relative. There was a time when a light bike was built round a quality steel frame with as much alloy as possible and skinny (sometimes fragile) tyres.
Then came Mountain Bikes and bike weights increased dramatically! (And people started a whole new process of ‘lighter’. Then came suspension: repeat.)
Cheap again is very relative. Over time bikes have got cheaper relative to incomes. There have always been bikes ‘built to a price’. I was at a bike show once where many “cheapest” bikes were £99. It was Budget day, VAT went up...
It’s long been debated about whether concentrating on ‘cheap’ has damaged ‘cycling’ or at least bike shops.
I suspect most (remaining) shops are happy to leave the bottom end to others (used to be Halfords, garages and Mail Order, then supermarkets. Now - Halfords survives, Decathlon has added a cheaper/quality option and there’s the Internet).
Some years ago £1,000 became a new “price point” because of the bike to work scheme.
Another ‘cheap’ option has always been secondhand. Ebay has helped a lot.
There are always brands that attract a premium (notably Mercian and top end Raleighs) but “Strong, light, cheap“ can be picked up for £200 or less - bikes that cost £500 30 years ago.
Unless you’re going for ‘full retro’, some benefit from better brakes, STI etc.
Things like Deore thumbshifters don’t need remanufacting, they (generally) just keep working.
Ebay prices on older bikes/bits seem to be less than last year too!