"As long as energy comes from non-renewables, such growth is unsustainable"
Yes, but 'energy' - which, too often, is shorthand for electricity - is a small/easy factor in all this.
Food production, transport, manufacturing etc, use a lot of energy, but even if it was all 'sustainable' (not just the electricity) there are still vast amounts of 'stuff' involved - which isn't going to go into a neat closed-cycle recycling loop any time soon(/ever).
"growth comes principally from technological advances"
To some extent. 'Technology' made smartphones possible, but it was other factors that made them 'must have'/'must upgrade'.
There are plenty of simpler technologies that don't get the same push -
Imagine if all buildings were so efficient that they required much less energy than now.
In the short term this would require significant investment (and jobs) and make GDP rise. In the medium term, less energy use, would 'adversely' affect the GDP numbers.
Imagine a Gov that told housebuilders to have 'zero energy' housing estates.
Imagine mortgages lenders saying 'we won't give mortgages for energy inefficient houses'.
Too many vested interests in 'more of the same'.